Cutting-edge molecular imaging agents show promise in improving cancer diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making. Novel immunoPET tracers targeting PD-L1 (^18F-AlF-NOTA-PCP2) and glypican-3 (68Ga-XH06) have demonstrated enhanced specificity and sensitivity in head and neck and liver cancers respectively, potentially improving early detection and treatment monitoring. Additionally, a new PET tracer (^18F-FDS) enables noninvasive identification of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients, addressing critical clinical challenges. Alongside imaging advances, chromosomal instability biomarkers have been developed to predict chemotherapy resistance across multiple cancer types, guiding personalized oncology strategies.