Significant strides are being made in infectious disease management and vaccine development. Merck’s monoclonal antibody Enflonsia received FDA approval to prevent infant RSV infection, entering competition with established therapies amid CDC committee upheaval. Novel blood tests and AI-powered nanopore techniques enable rapid viral infection detection, while personalized polygenic scores predict vaccine immune responses more accurately. Advances in fungal pathogen genomics spotlight vulnerabilities to inform antifungal development. The dynamic regulatory landscape underscores ongoing efforts to enhance vaccine efficacy and safety monitoring globally.