Significant progress in battery technology is being driven by novel material engineering and modeling approaches. Researchers have developed advanced cathode materials such as stable 4.8V Ni-rich layered designs and lithium fluoride-doped V2O3 composites for enhanced lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion battery performance benefits from doped electrode materials and novel polymer electrolytes, while supercapacitors see improvements through samarium-doped composites and bimetallic MOF nanosheets. Additionally, predictive models and algorithmic methods are optimizing battery lifespan and safety.