New evidence examined infection prevention and treatment decisions through retrospective clinical data. In ICU settings, a large analysis linked H2 receptor antagonists to lower hospital-acquired C. difficile infection risk than proton pump inhibitors, adding weight to continuing efforts to reduce unnecessary acid suppression. Separately, antibiotic resistance epidemiology continued to update in hospital pathogens. A decade-long retrospective in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) found a shift in carbapenemase dominance at a tertiary hospital in Shanxi, with NDM giving way to KPC as the predominant enzyme type after 2021. For hospitals, these findings affect both empiric choices and infection-control planning. They also reinforce that stewardship needs to be responsive to local resistance dynamics rather than relying on historical patterns. Together, the studies highlight how rapidly clinical practice can be updated when surveillance and outcomes data are strong—and where molecular testing and consistent lab workflows remain critical.