Emerging research in immuno-oncology uncovers novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. A study in Cell Research demonstrated that blocking NNMT in tumor-associated fibroblasts reactivates exhausted T cells, enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Advances in bispecific antibody-cytokine fusion proteins show potential in overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments by expanding tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Additionally, engineered gut bacteria designed to stimulate immune responses have shown promise in colorectal cancer survival, underscoring the expanding repertoire of immunomodulatory agents for cancer therapy.