A joint human-and-mouse profiling study published in Science Immunology identified a conserved CD4+ memory T‑cell transcriptional and epigenetic program associated with type 1 diabetes. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and the HPAP Consortium analyzed pancreatic lymph nodes and spleens from donors with clinical T1D, autoantibody‑positive individuals, and controls to map disease‑proximal immune states. The team named specific transcription factors (including NFKB1 and BACH2) and chromatin remodeling events as hallmarks of the autoreactive memory subset. These molecular signatures create candidate biomarkers and potential targets for antigen‑specific or cellular immunotherapies aimed at halting beta‑cell destruction.