Researchers used thousands of parallel viral selection experiments to build a comprehensive map of how HIV-1 develops resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies 3BNC117 and 10-1074. The work, published in Nature Microbiology and led by investigators including Paul Bieniasz at Rockefeller University, identifies diverse viral mutational pathways that enable escape across globally sourced HIV-1 strains. The study is positioned as a step toward predicting whether a broadly neutralizing antibody regimen will work in individual patients—an application that matters as long-acting bNAbs move toward broader use. The paper also addresses a major gap in understanding resistance biology across diverse viral backgrounds. By scaling the number of strains and validating experimentally, the research provides a more systematic foundation for choosing bNAbs that are harder for most strains to evade.