Scientists mapped how diverse HIV-1 strains evade broadly neutralizing antibodies, detailing multiple molecular routes to immune escape. The study by Stabell, Lee, Park and colleagues describes varied “pathways” used by HIV-1 to persist despite bnAbs, underscoring that antibody evasion is not a single, uniform playbook. For vaccine and antibody-development programs, the work signals that breadth against multiple escape mechanisms may be necessary rather than relying on one assumed dominant trajectory.