Two pivotal studies deliver novel genomic insights impacting public health and precision medicine. First, sequencing of over 1,200 Aedes aegypti mosquitoes reveals adaptations underlying vector-borne disease dynamics across global populations, informing vector control strategies. Second, a plasma metabolome analysis involving more than 274,000 adults uncovers metabolic signatures correlated with diverse diseases, enabling new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. These works underscore genomics’ critical role in addressing infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.