Innovative molecular and genomic biomarkers are transforming cancer diagnosis and treatment stratification. Studies have identified DNA methylation patterns as early cancer detection markers, and the EGFLAM protein has emerged as a key biomarker across multiple cancer types with links to immune infiltration. Novel circular RNA circLIMK1-005 influences lung adenocarcinoma progression, and BRCA-deficiency homologous recombination deficiency tests advance ovarian cancer precision therapy. These discoveries bolster precision oncology efforts across cancer subtypes.