Cutting-edge studies identify novel molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets across cancer and immunology fields. Topics include DLK1 as an immunotherapy target in adrenocortical carcinoma, circLIMK1-005’s role in lung cancer progression, single-atom engineering for radiotherapy-activated immunoprodrugs, and checkpoint inhibitors combined with anlotinib improving small cell lung cancer outcomes. These insights drive innovation in targeted therapies and immunomodulation strategies, influencing future drug development pathways.