Cutting-edge molecular and imaging studies offer new understanding of Parkinson’s disease heterogeneity and Alzheimer’s peripheral tissue involvement. Investigations reveal effects of TYK2 inhibition, deep gray matter atrophy subtypes, and volatile organic compound detection as emerging diagnostic markers in Parkinson’s. Meanwhile, mouse models elucidate exercise-enhanced neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s, and advanced AI collaborations aim to decode Alzheimer’s neurogenomics for targeted therapies.