Recent studies reveal molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression in cancers and neurological disorders. Research into m5C RNA modifications provides new understanding of colorectal cancer biology, while work on EZH2-related long non-coding RNAs advances gastric cancer research. In neuro-oncology, targeting certain factors may inhibit glioblastoma growth through dual mechanisms. Additionally, gut microbiome modulation via fecal transplants shows promise in Alzheimer's disease models. Collectively, these investigations deepen mechanistic knowledge and open potential therapeutic avenues.