Research in energy storage continues to progress with material and structural innovations. Studies reveal enhanced sodium-ion battery performance via strontium doping, polymer electrolytes, and combustion-synthesized cathodes. Breakthroughs in lithium-ion cathodes utilize composite materials such as LiF-V₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ coatings to improve ion dynamics and voltage retention. Supercapacitor efficiency is boosted through samarium-doped metal oxides, NiCo₂S₄ nanostructures, and advanced composite electrodes. These advances promise significant improvements in sustainable, high-capacity energy storage for diverse applications.