Studies uncover molecular markers influencing disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Elevated hexosylceramides provoke Parkinson’s disease-related gene expression changes mimicking immune responses. MicroRNAs regulate reproductive apoptosis and infertility, offering novel biomarkers. Hsa_circ_0000419 and circ_0020850 circular RNAs serve as novel diagnostic and prognostic indices in esophageal and ischemic stroke contexts respectively. Insights into tumor microenvironments include targeting CX26 and SPANXB1 in pancreatic and breast cancers, contributing to understanding metastasis and growth.