The management of diabetes continues to evolve with emerging pharmacological and diagnostic innovations. Oral Semaglutide has gained attention for its potential as a therapeutic switch in type 2 diabetes care. Comparative studies examine benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on renal and cardiovascular outcomes, with specific evaluations of empagliflozin in obese patients. Biomarkers such as remnant cholesterol correlate with diabetes risk, while amylin's multifaceted role in glucose metabolism is being elucidated. These advances contribute to personalized diabetes management frameworks.