Diagnostic innovation continues to accelerate with new biomarkers and technologies enhancing disease detection. CSF circulating tumor DNA has been identified as a superior biomarker for brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. The proteomic and lipidomic analysis of saliva exosomes offers a noninvasive approach for early esophageal cancer diagnosis. Advances in deep learning enable precise differentiation between mycobacterial spinal infections on MRI, and multimodal AI frameworks predict thyroid cancer spread through ultrasound imaging. These breakthroughs promise improved clinical decision-making and patient outcomes across oncology and infectious diseases.