New data from multiple trials presented at ESMO and published reports reinforced circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a tool to personalize adjuvant therapy. The IMvigor011/IMvigor‑derived findings and the DYNAMIC‑III results showed ctDNA can identify bladder and colon cancer patients at higher recurrence risk who derive benefit from adjuvant treatment, while sparing ctDNA‑negative patients from unnecessary therapy. Companies and investigators signaled plans to pursue regulatory pathways for ctDNA‑guided indications and to refine assay performance for clinical decision‑making.