Pharma companies face notable hurdles as INmune Bio’s Alzheimer’s disease program missed key Phase 2 endpoints despite subgroup benefits, and Pfizer terminated one of two CD47 drug trials from its 2021 Trillium acquisition, marking setbacks in oncology development. Additionally, TIGIT-targeting immuno-oncology programs saw major withdrawals after billions invested, reflecting the difficulty in realizing clinical success with these immunotherapies amid costly development failures.