A Phase 1 study reported that an off-the-shelf mutant KRAS peptide vaccine for pancreatic cancer interception generated KRAS-specific T-cell responses in 90% of high-risk participants. In the trial, adverse events were grade 1–2 and vaccine-induced clonotypes persisted for up to two years. After a median follow-up of 16.5 months, no participants developed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and some radiographic precancerous lesions shrank or stopped growing. Researchers published the findings in Cancer Discovery, backing the first proof-of-concept for immune-based interception in human high-risk cohorts.