Recent clinical research pushes forward pediatric and neonatal medicine. Updated pediatric infectious diarrhea guidelines in China standardize diagnosis and treatment. Innovative risk models enable real-time prediction of acute kidney injury in hospitalized children. Stem cell engineering and neuroimaging unveil cognitive and developmental traits linked to preterm birth. Breakthrough treatments emerge for spinal muscular atrophy, and new diagnostic tools refine pediatric epilepsy care strategies. These advances promise improved outcomes for vulnerable young populations.