Research highlights the multifaceted effects of climate and urbanization on health and ecosystems. Studies reveal rising nighttime temperatures increase health risks such as premature births and mental health disorders. Artificial light at night extends urban vegetation growing seasons more than temperature changes, disrupting natural cycles. Extreme heat emerges as a top threat to insurers and infrastructure, while global warming could exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea prevalence. Urban park access varies socioeconomically across OECD countries, influencing community well-being and sustainability.