A team at the University of Pennsylvania and the HPAP Consortium reported in Science Immunology a distinct CD4 memory helper T‑cell subset associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Researchers led by Maryam Abedi and Golnaz Vahedi profiled pancreatic lymph nodes and spleens from donors with T1D, autoantibody‑positive individuals, and controls, finding a conserved transcriptional and epigenetic program marked by high NFKB1 and BACH2 expression. The signature was corroborated in a T1D mouse model, suggesting cross‑species conservation. The paper supplies a resource of gene‑expression and chromatin accessibility data that could inform biomarker development and targeted immunotherapies; chromatin remodeling here refers to epigenetic changes that alter gene accessibility and cell identity.