Cutting-edge research explores new therapeutic modalities and mechanisms contributing to cancer treatment resistance. A novel nomogram integrating clinical and blood biomarkers predicts lung cancer immunotherapy success. Studies reveal key molecular drivers of metastasis, like STN1 in pancreatic cancer and genistein’s immune-enhancing effect in breast cancer. Reformulated chemotherapies improve tumor targeting and synergy in combination therapies. Insights into stemness factors such as SOX2 and metabolic pathways contribute to chemotherapy resistance. Research into immunotherapy resistance uncovers nerve injury’s role in undermining efficacy, informing strategies to counter immune escape.