Cutting-edge immunotherapy strategies are emerging across multiple cancer types. A novel molecular axis modulating cancer metabolism enhances checkpoint blockade efficacy in colorectal cancer. Targeting mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells via mast cell-mediated IL-18 secretion strengthens antitumor immunity, while dual TIGIT and PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade shows promise in hepatocellular carcinoma. Accurate biomarkers, including proteomic and metabolic signatures, are improving prognostics for brainstem gliomas and ovarian clear cell carcinoma immunotherapy responses. Engineered cellular communication advances CAR-T cell efficacy against glioblastoma, and novel bifunctional fusion proteins reduce hematotoxicity during anti-CD47 therapy. Collectively, these breakthroughs deepen understanding of tumor-immune interplay and therapeutic modulation.