Recent advances showcase novel molecular, imaging, and therapeutic breakthroughs across several cancer types. New biomarkers and imaging combinations improve detection of liver, prostate, and breast cancers. Immune-modulatory strategies using chimeric exosomes and small molecules enhance responses in challenging cancers such as triple-negative breast and HPV-positive head and neck carcinomas. Furthermore, AI models refine diagnosis in gastric cancer and CNS neuroinfections, while novel proton therapy techniques demonstrate treatment feasibility. These developments reflect a multidisciplinary push toward precision oncology.