Strides in cancer research span novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic modalities. Studies demonstrate enhanced HER2 immunohistochemistry sensitivity for breast cancer, new ddPCR assays quantifying FRS2 in bladder cancer, and improved PI-RADS combined with amide proton transfer MRI for prostate cancer detection. Therapeutic developments include chimeric exosomes sensitizing triple-negative breast cancer to immunotherapy and small molecules potentiating cisplatin against HPV-positive cancers. Concurrently, research delves into molecular drivers of liver and neuroblastoma cancers, refining prognostic and treatment frameworks.