Groundbreaking investigations reveal new insights into neural regeneration, brain development, and neurodegeneration. Novel evidence confirms adult neurogenesis and stem cell precursors in the human hippocampus. Cortical changes and putamen microstructural alterations serve as biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease and REM sleep disorders. Epigenetic diversity and neural dynamics elucidate prostate cancer and cognitive functions. Combined, these findings offer promising avenues for diagnostics and therapies in neurological disorders.