Groundbreaking research links neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Parkinson’s to autoimmune processes involving T cell responses to neuronal proteins like C9orf72. Novel imaging techniques, including ultra-high field 7T MRI and advanced oligomer visualization (ASA–PD), provide unprecedented clarity on early structural brain changes and pathological protein aggregations. These discoveries offer critical pathways to earlier diagnostics and tailored therapeutic interventions in debilitating neurological disorders.