New theoretical and experimental insights are advancing our understanding of neural dynamics and consciousness. Research in primate premotor cortex elucidates a population neural code underlying decision-making, revealing dynamic latent variables linked to choice formation. Another study introduces a unified theory advocating criticality—a balanced state between order and chaos—as foundational for brain computation, learning, and neurological disease mechanisms. Progress in consciousness studies explores neural correlates of perceptual awareness and selfhood, potentially elucidating developmental timelines and clinical states. These interdisciplinary findings propel cognitive neuroscience toward mechanistic explanations of brain function and dysfunction.