Significant advances illuminate mechanisms and potential interventions in neurodegenerative and neuro-oncological disorders. Neural stem cell exosomes show promise for Parkinson’s disease neuroprotection, while synthetic MRI techniques reveal brain changes across Parkinson’s motor subtypes. Novel brain-shuttle antibodies target alpha-synuclein aggregates linked to synucleinopathies. Additionally, multi-omics analysis uncovers nerve macrophage roles in polyneuropathy, and metabolic benefits of exercise in Parkinson’s disease are elucidated. These findings enhance understanding of pathology and therapeutic opportunities in neurological diseases.