Significant progress has been made in understanding the microbiome's role in disease and immunity. Studies document changes in the cervicovaginal microbiome in women living with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy, revealing complex microbial and viral interactions. Alterations in skin microbiota have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy. Furthermore, research identifies antibiotic-resistant infections potentially treatable with targeted probiotic strains of Escherichia coli, underscoring the clinical potential of microbiome modulation.