Recent proteomic and epigenomic studies are redefining pathophysiological understanding in cancer and neurodegeneration. A Nature Communications paper reveals autocrine interferon signaling triggering synthetic lethality in BRCA mutant cancers via ADAR1 modulation. Another multi-omics study identifies tumor necrosis factor signaling dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder immune cells. Cutting-edge single-cell RNA sequencing elucidates immune imbalances driving pediatric fulminant myocarditis. These insights expand therapeutic target possibilities for immune modulation across various diseases.