Innovations in cancer treatment and biomarker discovery continue to reshape precision oncology. Recent key advances include identification of novel inhibitors targeting KRAS G12D/V mutants and USP1 enzymes, novel antibody-drug conjugates against TROP2, and α-synuclein aggregation inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases also linked to cancer biology. Droplet PCR assays offer precise bladder cancer genetic quantification, while prognostic nutritional indices and gene markers such as MLH1, GPRC5C, and ZNF683 bring new prognostic precision in hepatocellular and renal carcinomas. Epigenetic analyses reveal microglia chromatin states in Alzheimer’s and distinct tumor metabolism in xenografts. Additionally, studies illuminate new treatment synergies enhancing chemotherapy efficacy in HPV-positive cancers and advanced colorectal cancer.