New research reveals critical roles for immune checkpoint molecules like Galectin-9 expressed on leukemia stem cells as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Additionally, studies highlight the importance of tumor microenvironment dynamics under neoadjuvant therapies in breast cancer, employing spatial and single-cell omics. The modulation of non-coding RNAs affecting Topotecan chemotherapy response and innovative PD-L1 siRNA strategies to enhance immunotherapy further expand the mechanistic understanding of tumor immune evasion and resistance, guiding future precision oncology approaches.