Emerging cancer treatments increasingly leverage genetically engineered oncolytic viruses that selectively infect and destroy tumor cells while simultaneously activating anti-tumor immune responses. This dual mechanism enhances therapeutic efficacy and marks a new frontier in oncology. These innovations expand the arsenal against traditionally resistant solid tumors by transforming immunologically 'cold' tumor microenvironments into ones susceptible to immune attack, heralding a new era of multisystem cancer therapies combining virology and immunology principles.