Recent clinical developments in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) reveal promising advances in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and targeted therapies. At the IASLC 2025 World Conference in Barcelona, data from multiple Phase 1 to 3 trials highlighted agents such as SHR-4849 (DLL3-targeted) and Ifinatamab Deruxtecan achieving substantial response rates in relapsed SCLC. In EGFR-mutated NSCLC, bispecific ADC iza-bren plus osimertinib showed a 100% response rate. Meanwhile, other studies presented mixed results regarding regional efficacy differences and quality-of-life preservation with nivolumab perioperatively. These findings underscore evolving precision medicine strategies in thoracic oncology.