Innovative approaches in neuroscience include graphene-mediated optical stimulation to accelerate maturation of human brain organoids, facilitating modeling of Alzheimer's and other age-related diseases. Groundbreaking findings indicate stable cortical body maps persist post-limb amputation, overturning prior beliefs about brain reorganization. Researchers revealed hemoglobin's antioxidant role in the brain, leading to a novel drug candidate with neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative models. AI and wearable devices enhance monitoring and treatment personalization in Parkinson’s disease. Novel epilepsy drugs reverse autistic-like behaviors in mice by targeting reticular thalamic hyperactivity, highlighting cross-disease neurological targets.