Researchers at University College London used a human 3D micro-bladder model to test phage therapy against uropathogenic E. coli associated with recurrent urinary tract infections. The study reported that a cocktail of phages could eliminate bacteria in protected bladder wall reservoirs that standard antibiotics often miss. The work—published in Nature Communications and led by professor Jennifer Rohn—adds functional evidence that the urinary microenvironment and fluid flow can determine therapeutic outcomes. It supports ongoing interest in phage approaches for AMR-driven recurrence cases.