Cutting-edge single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses have elucidated molecular and cellular alterations underpinning post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have identified disruptions in gene expression and chromatin accessibility within key brain cell types, including somatostatin interneurons and microglia in the prefrontal cortex, revealing impaired inhibitory signaling and neuroimmune dysregulation distinct from major depressive disorder profiles. These insights spotlight pathways such as glucocorticoid signaling and neuroinflammation as potential therapeutic targets and underscore the power of multi-omic, spatially resolved techniques to map disease-specific cellular states.