Breakthrough research has deepened our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biology and treatment. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) trends and novel dynamic models provide prognostic insights for unresectable HCC under lenvatinib therapy. Combined immunotherapies utilizing atezolizumab and bevacizumab demonstrate safety and efficacy in Indian cohorts. The LIVERTI trial shows promising results for dual checkpoint blockade targeting TIGIT and PD-1, expanding therapeutic options. Machine learning-powered radiomics distinguish hepatic tumors preoperatively, while PET imaging ratios predict breast tumor chemotherapy response, informing treatment strategies.