Recent studies have expanded understanding of RNA molecules and their roles in cancer progression and therapy resistance. miR-362 and miR-32-5p microRNAs have been implicated in regulating gene expression across multiple cancer types, influencing tumor growth and apoptosis. Long noncoding RNAs like SNHG15 and molecular mechanisms such as histone lactylation and NSD2-mediated chromatin reprogramming are revealing novel therapeutic targets. Additionally, immune checkpoint molecules including TIGIT and PD-L1 are being explored for improved immunotherapy strategies in breast, colorectal, ovarian, and renal cancers. These insights inform development of RNA- or epigenome-targeted treatments and enhance precision oncology approaches.