Multiple studies have revealed key molecular targets that drive cancer progression and may improve diagnostics. Insights include: the role of S100A4 in liver cancer metastasis via NMIIa interaction; the U-shaped relation of lactate dehydrogenase serum levels with mortality in cancer patients; identification of EMP1 as a critical regulator in pancreatic cancer progression; and EGFLAM as a pan-cancer biomarker linked to prognosis and immune infiltration. These advances illuminate new therapeutic and prognostic pathways across diverse malignancies.