Recent studies have unveiled novel insights into cancer immunotherapy resistance and predictive biomarker development. VIB-KU Leuven researchers revealed a paradoxical role of natural killer cells in melanoma resistance to immune checkpoint blockade, showing these cells form barriers that impede CD8 T cell infiltration. Concurrently, Agenus and AI-based startup Noetik partnered to leverage a virtual cell model for identifying biomarkers predicting responses to an immuno-oncology combination therapy. These efforts aim to refine precision oncology by understanding and overcoming immunotherapy resistance.