Researchers developed 3D‑printed scaffold models to better mimic glioblastoma microenvironments and improve preclinical drug screening fidelity. The scaffolds preserved tumor heterogeneity and cell–matrix interactions, enabling more predictive evaluation of therapeutic responses compared with traditional 2D cultures. The model could tighten preclinical‑to‑clinical translation for glioblastoma, a tumor with high failure rates in drug development. For readers: 3D scaffold systems recreate three‑dimensional architecture and extracellular cues that influence therapeutic sensitivity and resistance.